HIPPIES (VERY NICE)
ORIGINS
• Youth movement
• Early 1960’s
• Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
FASHION
• Unusual styles
• Brightly colored clothing
• Bell bottom pants, vests, tie-dye garments, peasant blouses, and long, full skirts
LIFESTYLE
• Dissenting group
• Back to nature
• Nomadic
EXPANSION OF CULTURE
• SUMMER OF LOVE (1967):
• Unprecedented gathering of as many as 100,000 young people
• Phenomenon of cultural and political rebellion
• Free food, free drugs and free love
• WOODSTOCK (1969):
• Over 500.000 people
• One of the greatest moments in popular music
• Unique and legendary
• Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Who among others
DRUGS
• Consider it pleasurable and benign
• Cannabis – LSD
• 1966: LSD illegal in California
• Love Pageant Rally
POLITICS
• Non-violent demonstrations
• Civil rights marches
• Anti-Vietnam demonstrations
LEGACY
• Way of live
• Natural resources
• Religious and cultural diversity
• Wide range of personal appearence options and clothing styles
miércoles, 3 de diciembre de 2008
THE WOMEN’S LIBERATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. (ROMPI)
FEMINISM IN THE USA.
• It is the belief in the political, social, and economic equality of women.
• It concerns the issue of gender difference, equality for women and campaign for women's rights.
• Feminism can be divided into three waves:
1. First wave (19th-early 20th centuries)
2. Second wave (1960’s)
3. Third wave (1990’s)
THE SECOND WAVE FEMINISM:
It refers to a period of feminist activity beginning in the early 1960s and lasting through the late 1980s.
The main difference between the first and second-wave feminism is that the first wave focused on rights such as suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as ending discrimination.
WOMEN'S LIBERATION IN THE USA:
The phrase "Women’s Liberation" was first used in the United States in 1964.
The membership in NOW (National Organization for Women), increased its numbers from 1,200 in 1967 to 48,000 in 1970.
These large numbers of women, fought to improve many facets of society like:
job inequalities
public offices
childcare
Abortion
the economic system
Independence
the media
gender stereotypes
sexist oppression
1968 BRA-BURNING EPISODE
Protest against the Miss America contest.
Historic changes in basic rights of women, in the home and in the workplace were effected in the aftermath. This came to be known as the Women's liberation movement.
WOMEN’S LIBERATION IN THE USA:
Women in the movement, saw it as a chance to fight for what they believed in and in turn, change the boundaries of society to allow themselves, as women, to be free.
Characterizing the women as "new and angry", men had a reaction to the Movement that was less than positive.
Although many women had a positive and dedicated reaction to the Movement, there was still an overwhelming dissatisfaction.
ACHIEVEMENTS FOR WOMEN REGARDING:
Abortion rights
Childcare
Workplace:
National Credit Union Administration.
President’s Commission on the Status of Women.(1961)
The Equal Pay Act.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964)
BETTY FRIEDAN
February 4, 1921 in Peoria, Illinois.
“passion against injustice...originated from my feelings of the injustice of anti-Semitism”.
The Feminine Mystique.(1963)
‘‘the problem that has no name’’
GLORIA STEINEM
Born in Toledo, Ohio in March 25, 1934.
An American feminist icon.
She was known for several issues in which she participated, among these:
Abortion
Pornography
Transsexualism
FEMINISM IN THE USA.
• It is the belief in the political, social, and economic equality of women.
• It concerns the issue of gender difference, equality for women and campaign for women's rights.
• Feminism can be divided into three waves:
1. First wave (19th-early 20th centuries)
2. Second wave (1960’s)
3. Third wave (1990’s)
THE SECOND WAVE FEMINISM:
It refers to a period of feminist activity beginning in the early 1960s and lasting through the late 1980s.
The main difference between the first and second-wave feminism is that the first wave focused on rights such as suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as ending discrimination.
WOMEN'S LIBERATION IN THE USA:
The phrase "Women’s Liberation" was first used in the United States in 1964.
The membership in NOW (National Organization for Women), increased its numbers from 1,200 in 1967 to 48,000 in 1970.
These large numbers of women, fought to improve many facets of society like:
job inequalities
public offices
childcare
Abortion
the economic system
Independence
the media
gender stereotypes
sexist oppression
1968 BRA-BURNING EPISODE
Protest against the Miss America contest.
Historic changes in basic rights of women, in the home and in the workplace were effected in the aftermath. This came to be known as the Women's liberation movement.
WOMEN’S LIBERATION IN THE USA:
Women in the movement, saw it as a chance to fight for what they believed in and in turn, change the boundaries of society to allow themselves, as women, to be free.
Characterizing the women as "new and angry", men had a reaction to the Movement that was less than positive.
Although many women had a positive and dedicated reaction to the Movement, there was still an overwhelming dissatisfaction.
ACHIEVEMENTS FOR WOMEN REGARDING:
Abortion rights
Childcare
Workplace:
National Credit Union Administration.
President’s Commission on the Status of Women.(1961)
The Equal Pay Act.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964)
BETTY FRIEDAN
February 4, 1921 in Peoria, Illinois.
“passion against injustice...originated from my feelings of the injustice of anti-Semitism”.
The Feminine Mystique.(1963)
‘‘the problem that has no name’’
GLORIA STEINEM
Born in Toledo, Ohio in March 25, 1934.
An American feminist icon.
She was known for several issues in which she participated, among these:
Abortion
Pornography
Transsexualism
HARLEM RENAISSANCE (Ange)
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s centered around the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.
ORIGINS:
Harlem was a city known by the Amerindians as Muscoota. In 1658, the holland governor Peter Stuyvesant set in a small village called Harlem because of the holland city of Haarlem.
With the European conquest, the wealthiest families stablished their country-cottages.
• Becoming the XIX century, the lands had lost the quality to be grown so they were abandoned. The area was now, inhabited by new residents who were looking for cheap properties. These population grew up because of the creation of the New York and Harlem railroads. But, again the properties became expensive to the new inhabitants.
• At the begining of XX century Philip Payton, an african american estate agent rented a big amount of devaluated houses to the members of his community who had been evicted from other parts of the city.
• In 1920, the white community had left the area and the african-american community had set in all the neighborhood
• With the arriving of many african-american artists to the neighborhood, the music and the lifestyle of this community came to the surface. It increased with clubs like The Cotton Club or The Apollo Theatre where only black artist could perform.
FAMOUS FIGURES AND THEIR WORKS
PHILOSOPHY
• JAMES WELDON JOHNSON
• historian
• diplomat
• novelist
• poet
• lawyer
• songwriter
• editor
• civil rights leader
• The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922) y The Books of American Negro Spirituals (1929, 1926).
MARCUS GARVEY
• formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association,
• began the “back to Africa movement”
LITERATURE
• LANGSTON HUGHES
The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.
The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people
Beautiful, also, is the sun.
Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.
– The creator of Jazz poetry
• COUNTEE CULLEN
‘Your grief and mine
Must intertwine
Like sea and river,
Be fused and mingle,
Diverse yet single,
Forever and forever.’
• ZORA NEALE HURSTON
• Novelist
• playwright
• collected & preserved African-American folklore
• Editor of the Fire! magazine
ART
• AARON DOUGLAS
• PALMER HAYDEN
• WILLIAM JONSON
• META WARRICK FULLER
MUSIC
• DUKE ELLINGTON
one of the most influential figures in jazz
• BESSIE SMITH
• The most important Blues singer of the 1920’s
• LOUIS ARMSTRONG
He was the first to record a song with scat!
PAUL ROBESON
• Harvard Law School
• All American Football Player
• Writer
• Baritone Singer
• 1st African American to Play Othello on Stage
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND
*The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously and African American arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large.
*Instead of more direct political means, African American artists and writers used culture to work for the goals of civil rights and equality.
*African American writers intended to express themselves freely, no matter what the public thought.
* The Harlem Renaissance was the beginning of a new age: The age of equal rights to everybody.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s centered around the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.
ORIGINS:
Harlem was a city known by the Amerindians as Muscoota. In 1658, the holland governor Peter Stuyvesant set in a small village called Harlem because of the holland city of Haarlem.
With the European conquest, the wealthiest families stablished their country-cottages.
• Becoming the XIX century, the lands had lost the quality to be grown so they were abandoned. The area was now, inhabited by new residents who were looking for cheap properties. These population grew up because of the creation of the New York and Harlem railroads. But, again the properties became expensive to the new inhabitants.
• At the begining of XX century Philip Payton, an african american estate agent rented a big amount of devaluated houses to the members of his community who had been evicted from other parts of the city.
• In 1920, the white community had left the area and the african-american community had set in all the neighborhood
• With the arriving of many african-american artists to the neighborhood, the music and the lifestyle of this community came to the surface. It increased with clubs like The Cotton Club or The Apollo Theatre where only black artist could perform.
FAMOUS FIGURES AND THEIR WORKS
PHILOSOPHY
• JAMES WELDON JOHNSON
• historian
• diplomat
• novelist
• poet
• lawyer
• songwriter
• editor
• civil rights leader
• The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922) y The Books of American Negro Spirituals (1929, 1926).
MARCUS GARVEY
• formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association,
• began the “back to Africa movement”
LITERATURE
• LANGSTON HUGHES
The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.
The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people
Beautiful, also, is the sun.
Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.
– The creator of Jazz poetry
• COUNTEE CULLEN
‘Your grief and mine
Must intertwine
Like sea and river,
Be fused and mingle,
Diverse yet single,
Forever and forever.’
• ZORA NEALE HURSTON
• Novelist
• playwright
• collected & preserved African-American folklore
• Editor of the Fire! magazine
ART
• AARON DOUGLAS
• PALMER HAYDEN
• WILLIAM JONSON
• META WARRICK FULLER
MUSIC
• DUKE ELLINGTON
one of the most influential figures in jazz
• BESSIE SMITH
• The most important Blues singer of the 1920’s
• LOUIS ARMSTRONG
He was the first to record a song with scat!
PAUL ROBESON
• Harvard Law School
• All American Football Player
• Writer
• Baritone Singer
• 1st African American to Play Othello on Stage
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND
*The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously and African American arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large.
*Instead of more direct political means, African American artists and writers used culture to work for the goals of civil rights and equality.
*African American writers intended to express themselves freely, no matter what the public thought.
* The Harlem Renaissance was the beginning of a new age: The age of equal rights to everybody.
Pop Art (Felo)
Pop Art This movement was marked by a fascination with popular culture reflecting the affluence in post-war society. It was most prominent in American art but soon spread to Britain. In celebrating everyday objects such as soup cans, washing powder, comic strips and soda pop bottles, the movement turned the common place into icons.
Pop Art is a direct descendant of Dadaism in the way it mocks the established art world by appropriating images from the street, the supermarket, the mass media, and presents it as art in itself.
Artists such as Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg took familiar objects such as flags and beer bottles as subjects for their paintings, while British artist Richard Hamilton used magazine imagery.
It was Andy Warhol, however, who really brought Pop Art to the public eye. His screen prints of Coke bottles, Campbell's soup tins and film stars are part of the iconography of the 20th century. Pop Art owed much to dada in the way it mocked the established art world. By embracing commercial techniques, and creating slick, machine-produced art, the Pop artists were setting themselves apart from the painterly, inward-looking tendencies of the Abstract Expressionist movement that immediately preceded them.
Origins it was a continuation of certain aspects of abstract expressionism, such as a belief in the possibilities for art, especially for large-scale artwork. Similarly, pop art was both an extension and a repudiation of Dadaism. While pop art and Dadaism explored some of the same subjects, pop art replaced the destructive, satirical, and anarchic impulses of the Dada movement with detached affirmation of the artifacts of mass culture.
In America Temporally, the British pop art movement predated the American; however, American pop art has its own origins separate from British pop art. During the 1920s American artists Gerald Murphy, Charles Demuth and Stuart Davis created paintings prefiguring the pop art movement that contained pop culture imagery such as mundane objects culled from American commercial products and advertising design.
Pop artists reproduced, duplicated, combined, overlaid and arranged the endless visual details that make up American society, introducing shifts and transformations and acting like commentaries. The most famous American Pop artist, Andy Warhol specially had a lifelong interest in movie stars which first surfaced in his art in 1962 when he begun working on portraits of Marilyn Monroe. Warhol attempted to keep his personal fascination with fame from showing through too clearly in his works, preferring to leave their meaning open to the interpretation of viewers. The Pop and media role was summarized with Warhol's famous quotation:" In the future everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes". Television, newspapers, magazines and Hollywood are just producing new images every day. They are only enlarging the popular culture. Everything is just an image, ready to be consumed.
Main Pop Artists:
Andy Warhol
Roy Lichtenstein
Robert Rauschenberg
Tom Wesselmann
Pop Art This movement was marked by a fascination with popular culture reflecting the affluence in post-war society. It was most prominent in American art but soon spread to Britain. In celebrating everyday objects such as soup cans, washing powder, comic strips and soda pop bottles, the movement turned the common place into icons.
Pop Art is a direct descendant of Dadaism in the way it mocks the established art world by appropriating images from the street, the supermarket, the mass media, and presents it as art in itself.
Artists such as Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg took familiar objects such as flags and beer bottles as subjects for their paintings, while British artist Richard Hamilton used magazine imagery.
It was Andy Warhol, however, who really brought Pop Art to the public eye. His screen prints of Coke bottles, Campbell's soup tins and film stars are part of the iconography of the 20th century. Pop Art owed much to dada in the way it mocked the established art world. By embracing commercial techniques, and creating slick, machine-produced art, the Pop artists were setting themselves apart from the painterly, inward-looking tendencies of the Abstract Expressionist movement that immediately preceded them.
Origins it was a continuation of certain aspects of abstract expressionism, such as a belief in the possibilities for art, especially for large-scale artwork. Similarly, pop art was both an extension and a repudiation of Dadaism. While pop art and Dadaism explored some of the same subjects, pop art replaced the destructive, satirical, and anarchic impulses of the Dada movement with detached affirmation of the artifacts of mass culture.
In America Temporally, the British pop art movement predated the American; however, American pop art has its own origins separate from British pop art. During the 1920s American artists Gerald Murphy, Charles Demuth and Stuart Davis created paintings prefiguring the pop art movement that contained pop culture imagery such as mundane objects culled from American commercial products and advertising design.
Pop artists reproduced, duplicated, combined, overlaid and arranged the endless visual details that make up American society, introducing shifts and transformations and acting like commentaries. The most famous American Pop artist, Andy Warhol specially had a lifelong interest in movie stars which first surfaced in his art in 1962 when he begun working on portraits of Marilyn Monroe. Warhol attempted to keep his personal fascination with fame from showing through too clearly in his works, preferring to leave their meaning open to the interpretation of viewers. The Pop and media role was summarized with Warhol's famous quotation:" In the future everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes". Television, newspapers, magazines and Hollywood are just producing new images every day. They are only enlarging the popular culture. Everything is just an image, ready to be consumed.
Main Pop Artists:
Andy Warhol
Roy Lichtenstein
Robert Rauschenberg
Tom Wesselmann
Jazz music (Iván Fuentes)
WHAT IS JAZZ MUSIC?
Jazz is an American musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States.
ORIGINS OF JAZZ MUSIC
The essence of the sound of Jazz music is so versatile due to the origins from which it first began. In fact, New Orleans, Louisiana is the place where Jazz first began between 1850 and 1900 by African slaves as well as the freed people of color. The first style of Jazz music was known as Dixieland.
FIRST INSTRUMENTS IN JAZZ
In the beginning of the century the instruments used in Jazz music were European percussion, brass and woodwind instruments primarily for the military marching or dance bands
JAZZ CENTERS OF THE 1920S:
New Orleans:
In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, African American musicians began gathering in New Orleans. They would congregate to improvise and share their music in Storyville. Early jazz musicians often called New Orleans their home
Chicago:
Chicago in the 1920s held great opportunities for musicians.
King Oliver is the best example of the shift in style that occurred when musicians moved from New Orleans to Chicago
New York:
The early New York Jazz music was influenced by ragtime music
whole genre of Jazz poetry evolved in New York. These poems confirm that early jazz also appealed to people on a spiritual, intellectual and philosophical level.
Kansas City:
By 1920, Kansas city was booming. Jazz could be heard on nearly every street corner. Jazz musicians poured into Kansas City after the mass exodus from New Orleans.
One of the most significant contributions of the Kansas City jazz musicians was the way they propelled jazz toward the Big Bands of the 1930s.
JAZZ MUSICIANS OF THE 20S
Louis Amstrong
Armstrong influenced not only trumpeters but, directly or indirectly, nearly all subsequent instrumental and vocal jazz music.
. He is best known for helping to pioneer a style known as swing, which later formed the basis for most jazz music.
Duke Ellington
Considered one of the greatest jazz composers of all time, Duke Ellington had an enormous impact on the popular music of the late 20th century.
Ellington called his style and sound "American Music" rather than Jazz.
Billie Holiday
Holiday was a seminal influence on jazz and pop singing. Her vocal style — strongly inspired by instrumentalists — pioneered a new way of manipulating wording and tempo, and also popularized a more personal and intimate approach to singing.
Bessie Smith
She’s been considered as "the first complete jazz singer”, whose influence on Billie Holiday and a whole generation of jazz singers cannot be overestimated.
She was certainly the first singer on jazz records to value diction, not for itself, but as a vehicle for conveying emotional states.
JAZZ AND WOMEN'S LIBERATION:
During the 1920s, jazz music provided the motivation and opportunity for many women to reach beyond the traditional sex role designated to them by society.
BOTTOM CULTURE RISES
African American jazz music swept throughout the country during the 1920s. Jazz music was able to gain respect as an African American art form. For the first time in history, the culture of a minority became the desire of the majority.
WHAT IS JAZZ MUSIC?
Jazz is an American musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States.
ORIGINS OF JAZZ MUSIC
The essence of the sound of Jazz music is so versatile due to the origins from which it first began. In fact, New Orleans, Louisiana is the place where Jazz first began between 1850 and 1900 by African slaves as well as the freed people of color. The first style of Jazz music was known as Dixieland.
FIRST INSTRUMENTS IN JAZZ
In the beginning of the century the instruments used in Jazz music were European percussion, brass and woodwind instruments primarily for the military marching or dance bands
JAZZ CENTERS OF THE 1920S:
New Orleans:
In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, African American musicians began gathering in New Orleans. They would congregate to improvise and share their music in Storyville. Early jazz musicians often called New Orleans their home
Chicago:
Chicago in the 1920s held great opportunities for musicians.
King Oliver is the best example of the shift in style that occurred when musicians moved from New Orleans to Chicago
New York:
The early New York Jazz music was influenced by ragtime music
whole genre of Jazz poetry evolved in New York. These poems confirm that early jazz also appealed to people on a spiritual, intellectual and philosophical level.
Kansas City:
By 1920, Kansas city was booming. Jazz could be heard on nearly every street corner. Jazz musicians poured into Kansas City after the mass exodus from New Orleans.
One of the most significant contributions of the Kansas City jazz musicians was the way they propelled jazz toward the Big Bands of the 1930s.
JAZZ MUSICIANS OF THE 20S
Louis Amstrong
Armstrong influenced not only trumpeters but, directly or indirectly, nearly all subsequent instrumental and vocal jazz music.
. He is best known for helping to pioneer a style known as swing, which later formed the basis for most jazz music.
Duke Ellington
Considered one of the greatest jazz composers of all time, Duke Ellington had an enormous impact on the popular music of the late 20th century.
Ellington called his style and sound "American Music" rather than Jazz.
Billie Holiday
Holiday was a seminal influence on jazz and pop singing. Her vocal style — strongly inspired by instrumentalists — pioneered a new way of manipulating wording and tempo, and also popularized a more personal and intimate approach to singing.
Bessie Smith
She’s been considered as "the first complete jazz singer”, whose influence on Billie Holiday and a whole generation of jazz singers cannot be overestimated.
She was certainly the first singer on jazz records to value diction, not for itself, but as a vehicle for conveying emotional states.
JAZZ AND WOMEN'S LIBERATION:
During the 1920s, jazz music provided the motivation and opportunity for many women to reach beyond the traditional sex role designated to them by society.
BOTTOM CULTURE RISES
African American jazz music swept throughout the country during the 1920s. Jazz music was able to gain respect as an African American art form. For the first time in history, the culture of a minority became the desire of the majority.
Progressive Movement (Cristina Felip)
The Progressive Movement or Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform.
It lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s.
The movement was started in the decades after the American Civil War (1861–65) .
In response to the changes brought on by industrialization and an economic depression.
This movement was a broad campaign to reform:
Social life.
Politics
Economic.
The First Reform Era, occurred in the years before the Civil War and included efforts of social activists to reform working conditions.
The second reform era lasted until the American entry into World War I with he struggle for women's rights.
Women take the control
Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts.
She was brought up in a Quaker family with long activist tradition.
Women right’s movement
After teaching for fifteen years, she became active in temperance.
This experience, and her acquaintance with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led her to join the women's rights movement in 1852.
Soon after she dedicated her life to woman suffrage.
She campaigned for the abolition of slavery, women's rights to their own property and earnings, and women's labour organizations.
In 1900, she persuaded the University of Rochester to admit women.
Political Leaders
Theodore Roosevelt: (1858–1919 )
The youngest President in the Nation's history.
Leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party
He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency.
He took the view that the President should take whatever action necessary for the public good
Roosevelt ensured the construction of the Panama Canal.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War .
His most effective achievements were in conservation
Thomas Woodrow Wilson: (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924).
A leading intellectual of the Progressive Movement, he was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
Re-elected in 1916, his second term centred on World War I.
He tried to maintain U.S. neutrally but in April 1917 asked Congress to declare war on the Central Powers.
He focused on diplomacy and financial considerations.
In 1917, raised billions in war funding through Liberty Bonds.
Enacted the first federal drug prohibition
Promoted labour union growth.
For his efforts to form the League, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.
Progressive Movement
Specific goals included:
Suffrage: Many women were demanding suffrage, or the right to vote.
Prohibition: Alcohol was a social evil that caused the breakdown of marriages, violence and abuse.
Children:
This movement outlaw child labour.
Workers: Young and old were simply out on the street if they were injured on the job.
Political Reform: In many states, progressive reformers wanted to give more power to the people by allowing citizen groups to initiate new laws themselves.
Anti-Monopoly Reforms: The U.S. was a huge marketplace with lots of potential consumers, and businesses began to monopolize that market.
Significant changes in the U.S. constitution:
1.The income tax with the Sixteenth Amendment.
2. Direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth Amendment.
2.Prohibition with the Eighteenth Amendment
3.Women's suffrage through to the Nineteenth Amendment
The Muckrakers
They were journalists who exposed waste, corruption, and scandal in the highly influential new medium of national magazines.
McClure’s Magazine
An American literary and political magazine.
Progressive’s characteristics
They shared a common belief in:
The ability of science
Technology
Disinterested expertise to identify all problems and come up with the one best solution.
Criticism of Progressive Movement
The changes during this era affected most strongly the areas of birthing, family, schooling, law, journalism, and food production and distribution.
The Progressive Movement or Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform.
It lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s.
The movement was started in the decades after the American Civil War (1861–65) .
In response to the changes brought on by industrialization and an economic depression.
This movement was a broad campaign to reform:
Social life.
Politics
Economic.
The First Reform Era, occurred in the years before the Civil War and included efforts of social activists to reform working conditions.
The second reform era lasted until the American entry into World War I with he struggle for women's rights.
Women take the control
Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts.
She was brought up in a Quaker family with long activist tradition.
Women right’s movement
After teaching for fifteen years, she became active in temperance.
This experience, and her acquaintance with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led her to join the women's rights movement in 1852.
Soon after she dedicated her life to woman suffrage.
She campaigned for the abolition of slavery, women's rights to their own property and earnings, and women's labour organizations.
In 1900, she persuaded the University of Rochester to admit women.
Political Leaders
Theodore Roosevelt: (1858–1919 )
The youngest President in the Nation's history.
Leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party
He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency.
He took the view that the President should take whatever action necessary for the public good
Roosevelt ensured the construction of the Panama Canal.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War .
His most effective achievements were in conservation
Thomas Woodrow Wilson: (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924).
A leading intellectual of the Progressive Movement, he was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
Re-elected in 1916, his second term centred on World War I.
He tried to maintain U.S. neutrally but in April 1917 asked Congress to declare war on the Central Powers.
He focused on diplomacy and financial considerations.
In 1917, raised billions in war funding through Liberty Bonds.
Enacted the first federal drug prohibition
Promoted labour union growth.
For his efforts to form the League, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.
Progressive Movement
Specific goals included:
Suffrage: Many women were demanding suffrage, or the right to vote.
Prohibition: Alcohol was a social evil that caused the breakdown of marriages, violence and abuse.
Children:
This movement outlaw child labour.
Workers: Young and old were simply out on the street if they were injured on the job.
Political Reform: In many states, progressive reformers wanted to give more power to the people by allowing citizen groups to initiate new laws themselves.
Anti-Monopoly Reforms: The U.S. was a huge marketplace with lots of potential consumers, and businesses began to monopolize that market.
Significant changes in the U.S. constitution:
1.The income tax with the Sixteenth Amendment.
2. Direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth Amendment.
2.Prohibition with the Eighteenth Amendment
3.Women's suffrage through to the Nineteenth Amendment
The Muckrakers
They were journalists who exposed waste, corruption, and scandal in the highly influential new medium of national magazines.
McClure’s Magazine
An American literary and political magazine.
Progressive’s characteristics
They shared a common belief in:
The ability of science
Technology
Disinterested expertise to identify all problems and come up with the one best solution.
Criticism of Progressive Movement
The changes during this era affected most strongly the areas of birthing, family, schooling, law, journalism, and food production and distribution.
lunes, 20 de octubre de 2008
Railroads in USA.
Railroads in USA. Industrialization is coming.
By Carla Castro
Diapositiva 5
Diapositiva 4
Beginnings of American Railroads
- Native American were forced to give up their land.
- The building of the two Transcontinental Railroads did more to defeat the Indians than the campaigns of the soldiers.
Which were the first ones?
- In the middle of the nineteenths The American Government hired Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railway Company to extend railways across the United States.
- Central Pacific – Started in Sacramento
- Union Pacific – Started in Omaha
The Union Pacific and The Northern Pacific Railroads
Expansion Westwards.
Westward Expansion
- Homestead Act, land to American families.
- Purchasing of Land directly from the Government.
Railroadmania.
Before the war, rail travel from New York to Chicago had been barely possible.
Western railroads, Pennsylvania Railroad, The Erie Railroad, and Baltimore and Ohio Railroads completed connections with Chicago.
Economical Growth.
The simultaneous coordination and consolidation of rail-lines were economically significant.
Chicago.
The railroads were the most important thing that happened to Chicago between 1848 and 1856. Chicago was a center of ten main railroad lines. One hundred trains came and went per day. The railroads became Chicago's first major industry and the canal became the second. Chicago quickly became the largest railroad center and then the largest city in Illinois. Chicago started out with about one hundred people and now has about 3,000,000.
During the American Civil War in 1861-1865, cattle started pouring into Chicago's stockyards from the west, transported by railroads. Many things were transported to Chicago by train such as copper, iron, farm products, crops, and meat such as pigs. The first train that came to Chicago carried wheat from farms to the west for about
Necessity for Grain.
With the growth of American cities, the domestic demand for grain constantly increased.
Great Britain was becoming more dependent on American Harvests.
Andrew Carnegie.
A poor Scottish immigrant who became a wealthy man investing in railroads.
Suscribirse a:
Entradas (Atom)